Determination of the design parameters for making urban wastewater plants in cold regions of Iran

زمینه و هدف: تعیین مشخصات کمی و کیفی فاضلاب خام ورودی به تصفیه خانه ها یکی از ارکان اصلی طراحی صحیح تصفیه خانه های فاضلاب به حساب می آید. این مطالعه با هدف تعیین پارامترهای طراحی تصفیه خانه های فاضلاب شهری برای مناطق سردسیر کشور انجام شد. روش بررسی: در این مطالعه توصیفی- تحلیلی سه تصفیه خانه فاضلاب شهرکرد، بروجن و فارسان واقع در استان چهارمحال و بختیاری به عنوان پایلوت در منطقه سردسیر انتخاب و مشخصات کمی و کیفی فاضلاب ورودی به آنها در یک دوره یکساله (سال 1386) بررسی گردید. علاوه بر اندازه گیری پیوسته دبی فاضلاب ورودی به تصفیه خانه، دما، pH ورودی، غلظت اکسیژن خواهی شیمیایی (COD)، غلظت اکسیژن خواهی بیوشیمیایی پنج روزه (BOD)، مواد معلق (TSS)، مواد معلق فرار (VSS)، نیتــــروژن کجلدال (TKN)، فسفر فسفاتی، در نمونه های مرکب 24 ساعته متناسب با دبی، اندازه گیری شد.داده ها به کمک آزمون های آماری t و ANOVA تجزیه و تحلیل شدند. یافته ها: میانگین سرانه پارامترهای مورد تحقیق در این مطالعه بر حسب گرم در روز به ازای هر نفر برای BOD5 معادل 41، COD معادل 60، TSS معادل 65، VSS معادل 47، TKN معادل 3/8 و برای فسفات معادل 93/0 و متوسط تولید فاضلاب، 177 لیتر به ازای هر نفر در روز و ضریب حداکثر و حداقل دبی فاضلاب به ترتیب 76/1 و 29/0 بدست آمد. مقایسه نتایج پارامترهای سرانه مورد نظر در سه تصفیه خانه اختلاف معنی داری بین پارامترهای BOD5، COD، نیتروژن کجدال و فسفر وجود نداشت ولی میزان TSS، VSS در تصفیه خانه های مورد مطالعه بیشتر بود (05/0

The Realm of Oncological Lung Surgery: From Past to Present and Future Perspectives

In this chapter, a historical overview as well as an overview of state of the art of the surgical techniques for the treatment of lung cancer is outlined. The chapter focuses on the introduction of open surgery, video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS), uniportal VATS (UVATS), and robotic-assisted thoracic surgery (RATS) techniques for lung resections. A short introduction on upcoming techniques and modalities is given. The currently available tools as three-dimensional (3D) computed tomography (CT), virtual reality, and endo-bronchial surgery will be discussed. Based on the current development, this chapter attempts to delineate the horizon of oncological lung surgery. The information is generated not only from the available literature, but also from the experiences of surgeons and other physicians as well as co-workers involved in lung cancer treatment around the world. This chapter can be seen as a general introduction to several aspects of oncological lung surgery

Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Properties of Salvigenin, Salvia officinalis Flavonoid Extracted

Background and aims: Inflammation is one of the defense mechanisms of body and unpleasant sensation of pain is caused by tissue damage. Mostly, inflammation occurs through the release of inflammatory mediators. Salvia officinalis is one of the most valuable medicinal kind of mint order. Salvigenin is one of the active flavonoids existing in this plant. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect of salvigenin, Salvia officinalis flavonoid extracted. Methods: In this laboratory experimental study, plant was extracted and the column chromatography was used to purify prepared extracts. 100 male albino mice and 48 male wistar rats were selected. In the hot plate test and in the writhing test, animals were divided randomly into 5 groups. Group 1 (received 10 mg/kg normal saline), groups 2, 3 and 4 (received Salvigenin 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg intraperitoneally, espectively), group 5 (received 10 mg/kg morphine in hot plate test and 10 mg/kg indomethacin in writhing test). In the inflammatory test, animals were divided into 6 groups. Group 1 was assigned as a control group which received 0.05 ml of carrageenin. Groups 2, 3 and 4 (received Salvigenin, at doses of 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg). Group 5 (received 10 mg/kg indomethacin) and then changes of the volume of all groups were measured. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey test and PResults: In writhing test, Salvigenin reduced the number of abdominal contractions at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg. Increasing dose of Salvigenin, with reduction in abdominal cramps resulted in the increasing of pain inhibition, and the percentage of this inhibition was statistically significant (P<0.001). In hot plate test, also 30, 45 and 60 minutes after injection of Salvigenin and morphine showed significant difference compared to the control group (P<0.001). Also, Salvigenin increased the maximum percentage of analgesic compared to the control group (P<0.001). Salvigenin could reduce inflammation and in the group that received Salvigenin at 100 mg/kg, the inflammation was significantly lower than the control group (P<0.05). Discussion: Our findings showed that Salvigenin has dose-dependent analgesic effect so that it can be useful in controlling of inflammations, acute and chronic pain

The Impact of Opioid Prescribing Limits on Drug Usage in South Carolina: A Novel Geospatial and Time Series Data Analysis

Background: To curb the opioid epidemic, legislation regulating the amount of opioid prescriptions covered by Medicaid (Title XIX of the Social Security Act Medical Assistance Program) came into effect in May 2018 in South Carolina. Methods: We employ a classification system based on distance and disparity between dispensers, prescribers, and patients and conduct an ARIMA analysis on each class and without any class to examine the effect of the legislation on opioid prescriptions, considering secular trends and autocorrelation. The study also compares trends in benzodiazepine prescriptions as a control. Results: The proposed classification system clusters each transaction into 16 groups based on the location of the stakeholders. These categories were found to have different prescription volume levels, with the highest group averaging 96.50 in daily MME (95% CI [63.43, 99.57]) and the lowest 37.78 (95% CI [37.38,38.18]). The ARIMA models show a decrease in overall prescription volume from 53.68 (95% CI [53.33,54.02]) to 51.09 (95% CI [50.74,51.44]) and varying impact across the different classes. Conclusion: Policy was effective in reducing opioid prescription volume overall. However, the volume of prescriptions filled where the prescribing doctor is located more than 1000 miles away from the patient went up, hinting at the possibility of doctor shopping.Comment: 15 pages, 4 figures, 4 table

Developing Hybrid Machine Learning Models to Assign Health Score to Railcar Fleets for Optimal Decision Making

A large amount of data is generated during the operation of a railcar fleet, which can easily lead to dimensional disaster and reduce the resiliency of the railcar network. To solve these issues and offer predictive maintenance, this research introduces a hybrid fault diagnosis expert system method that combines density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (DBSCAN) and principal component analysis (PCA). Firstly, the DBSCAN method is used to cluster categorical data that are similar to one another within the same group. Secondly, PCA algorithm is applied to reduce the dimensionality of the data and eliminate redundancy in order to improve the accuracy of fault diagnosis. Finally, we explain the engineered features and evaluate the selected models by using the Gain Chart and Area Under Curve (AUC) metrics. We use the hybrid expert system model to enhance maintenance planning decisions by assigning a health score to the railcar system of the North American Railcar Owner (NARO). According to the experimental results, our expert model can detect 96.4% of failures within 50% of the sample. This suggests that our method is effective at diagnosing failures in railcars fleet.Comment: 21 pages, 7 figures, 3 table

A STUDY ON HOT WORKING AND FRICTIONAL BEHAVIOUR OF 6082 ALUMINIUM ALLOY DURING HOT FORMING USING PRESSURE TESTS AND FINITE ELEMENT SIMULATION

Numerous variables affect the process of metal forming in which friction is the most important variable. Friction has effect on the material flow and the force required for metal forming. It is necessary to have the exact amount of the coefficient of friction in order to determine the amount and effect of the friction. In this paper, the ring compression test is used to determine the shear friction coefficient in hot working processes and the pressure test of cylindrical specimens is utilized to specify the hot working behaviour of 6082 aluminium alloy. The variation of the internal diameter of the ring during deformation is dependent of the shear friction coefficient, so it can be a criterion for determining this coefficient. Graphite, Teflon and Mica sheets are chosen as lubricants. Friction calibration curves are plotted using the finite element simulation to compare these results with the results obtained from the tests. Shear coefficients are obtained for every lubrication case. The results demonstrate that the best lubrication case of the hot working of 6082 aluminium alloy is achieved when the shear friction coefficient of m=0.32 is used whereas the value of m=0.69 is obtained in the case when no lubricant is used